فصلنامه پژوهش های تجربی حسابداری
سال چهاردهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 51، بهار 1403)

The present study aims to propose a model for assessing the quality of the internal control structure of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. To achieve this goal, a set of indicators and components of the internal control structure were identified through a review of the theoretical foundations and research background, as well as interviews with experts and specialists in the relevant field. Then, using the fuzzy Delphi process and model validation with the binomial test, quality measurement indicators for the internal control structure were identified. The sample consisted of 36 managers and university professors specializing in internal controls. According to the study, the quality of the internal control structure was classified into three environmental, structural-executive, and results dimensions. The environmental dimension includes three components: the cultural, social, and economic environment of the company's activity location, the legal, political, and economic structure governing the company, and the general structure of the company, with twenty indicators. The structural-executive dimension includes four components: the board of directors structure, specialized committees of the board of directors, senior management structure, and internal supervisory structure, with fifty-eight indicators. The results dimension includes five components: internal control assessment report, independent auditor report, compliance with laws and regulations by the company, company's tax and insurance structure, and transparency and quality of reporting - fairness and justice in the company, with thirty-three indicators

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of the annual general assembly's deadline of the parent company on subsidiaries’ audit report lag (ARL). For this purpose, 1119 observations from annual financial reports of listed and unlisted companies from 2014 to 2022 are collected. The results reveal that there is a direct relationship between the ARL of the subsidiary company and each of the three variables - the deadline of the parent company’s general assembly in the current year, the deadline of the parent company’s general assembly in the previous year, and the average of ARL of the parent company in the last 4 years. The findings of the present study indicate that the relationship between the parent company and the subsidiary is not only effective in the operation of the subsidiary company but can also affect its financial reporting policies. Considering the increasing number of business groups in recent decades, the evidence provided by this research can highlight the importance of the parent company's financial reporting policies on the financial reporting procedures of subsidiaries for a wide range of users such as auditors, capital market participants, and oversight bodies

In the current situation, the allocation of a part of the company's profit to implement activities related to social responsibility has been given more attention. Paying attention to this issue not only improves the professional and social dimensions of companies' activities but also affects the financial performance of companies by increasing their attractiveness to retail and institutional investors. For this reason, the increase in investor's attention and sensitivity to the company's performance will increase accountability and, as a result, address the issues related to social responsibility and its reporting by the company. Investors and external users consider social responsibility reports as an important source of communication with the company.This research, to measure the investor's attention from the Google search volume of the company's symbol and to measure the degree of social responsibility reporting from the analytical method of the content test using the criteria considered in the checklist designed by Hassas Yeganeh and Barzegar (2014) was used. Also, to calculate the performance of the company, the return on assets ratio was used. The data examined in the research are related to 175 companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2015 to 2014. To test the research hypotheses, multivariate regression was used.Based on the findings of this research, investor attention has a positive and significant relationship with the degree of Corporate social responsibility reporting by the company. Also, the company's performance intensifies the positive relationship between investor attention and the degree of social responsibility reported by the company.In general, increasing the level of investor attention will increase the company's disclosure level about social responsibility.Addressing the issue of investor sensitivity and attention can lead companies to improve the mechanisms designed to act on social responsibility, and as a result, improve high quality and create attractiveness for investors.

In recent years, the issue of the position of senior CFOs due to their increasing responsibility regarding monitoring financial reporting and corporate governance systems, has attracted the attention of many researchers and experts. Considering the position and strategic position of CFOs in the economic and financial decisions of the company, it is necessary to understand their role and position in the company's financial reporting process. Therefore, the current research has investigated the relationship between some characteristics of senior CFOs, including their gender, tenure, and audit history with the quality of financial reporting. To measure the quality of financial reporting, was used the optional accruals index (Kasznik model); Also, CFOs in this research mean the highest financial authority of the company. Using a sample of 135 companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2015 to 2021 and using a multiple regression model to analyze the data, the research results show that the increase in tenure and the presence of women as CFO in the company causes reduces the quality of financial reporting. Also, the results of the research regarding the negative impact of CFOs with audit experience on the quality of financial reporting do not have the necessary significance. In total, the obtained evidence shows the significant role of CFOs in the structure of corporate governance and financial reporting, which indicates the need for legislators to pay special attention to this position.

Our purpose in this research is to investigate the impact of the auditor's partner's busyness on audit quality, auditor's report delay, and capital cost. There are two views in this regard. A group believes that the workload of the auditor's partner increases the experience and knowledge of the auditor and the effectiveness of the audit increases (Gol et al., 2017). Another group believes that the busyness of the auditor's partner causes the delay of the audit and a reduction in the quality of the audit (De Fond and Zhang, 2014). On the other hand, the workload of the auditor's partner increases the cost of capital (Habib et al., 2018). In this research, we intend to examine the stated cases. To check the hypotheses, we used the data of 165 companies during the period from 2011 to 2014. The regression method used is multivariate regression. To measure the busyness of the auditor's partner, alternative measures are the ratio of the number of audit work of the institution to the number of partners of the institution, the ratio of the logarithm of the income of the audit institution to the number of partners of the audit institution, and the ratio of the market share, for audit quality from the adjusted model of Jones (1991) and the cost of capital. We used the relation of Stone (2004). To according the findings, the first, second, and third hypotheses were confirmed and the preoccupation of the auditor's partner has a positive and significant relationship with the delay of the auditor's report and the cost of capital, and a negative and significant relationship with audit quality. The preoccupation of the audit partners causes the auditor's report to be delayed, reduces the quality of the audit, and increases the cost of capital

The inattention or lack of institutional shareholders' attention as the weak monitoring mechanism and less demand for reliable reporting can affect the quality and comparability of information. Based on this, this research aims to investigate the effect of institutional investors’ distraction on the financial statements comparability of firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The test of research hypotheses with the data of 123 firms in the period of 2012-2021 using multiple regression models showed that the tendance of institutional shareholders causes an increase and deviation of institutional shareholders' attention causing a reduction of financial statements comparability respectively, The obtained result indicates that the deviation of the institutional shareholder's attention, neutralizes the supervisory power of institutional investors, weakens the results of corporate governance, strengthens the passive and opportunistic approach of management, and as a result, results in low reporting quality and less comparability of financial statements. In general, these findings are by the hypothesis of the personal interests of institutional shareholders.

Investor sentiment is effective on opportunistic managerial behavior in financial reporting. Therefore, sentiments can be expected to relate to external auditors’ risk assessment and opinion. The current research studies the relationship between investor sentiment, the accuracy of the auditor's going concern opinion, and market reaction to the auditor's opinion. For this purpose, the data of 340 firms listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange have been used from 2013 to 2020. The models were fitted using logistic regression with the control of industry effects. The results show the likelihood of reporting concerned opinions is lower when sentiment is high. In addition, the accuracy of the auditor's opinion decreases during high sentiment periods. This means that auditors are less likely to issue going concern opinions to clients with a high probability of bankruptcy in the following year. In additional analyses, this paper shows the market reaction to going concern opinion is attenuated during high sentiment periods.

The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of management accountants' characteristics on ethical decision-making about social obligations. The research method is based on the objective of the applied type, and in terms of its nature, it is a descriptive survey research. The sample was selected from among 250 people working in the profession of financial management, certified accountant, and management accounting in Khuzestan Folad Company in 1401 who are related to the subject and were studied by simple random sampling method. The data collection tool was a standard questionnaire containing 47 questions. The validity of the questionnaire was obtained and confirmed by the supervisor and experts, management experts, and its reliability by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for all variables greater than 0.7. In this research, 9 hypotheses were studied based on a conceptual model. In the current research, ethical decision-making is the dependent variable, and the attributes of management accountants (professional independence, professional dependence, self-monitoring, professional commitment, knowledge, and expertise, honesty in behavior, inherent fairness, and moral justice) as independent research variables and social commitments to the title is the modifier variable. Descriptive statistics (using PLS and SPSS software) and inferential statistics (using Amose software) were used for data analysis. The findings indicate the confirmation of all hypotheses and the appropriate fit of the research model. Therefore, there is a positive and significant effect on the characteristics of management

Accurate and condition-based validation will increase the value of banks, and if this is not done well, banks will face the risk of bankruptcy. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the usefulness of financial reporting information in modeling the credit rating of bank customers in listed companies. The methods used to validate the model in listed companies were grounded theory, DEMATEL, and regression. In the first stage, four main axes including (1) financial criteria, (2) non-financial criteria, (3) corporate governance criteria, and (4) market criteria for credit rating of customers were clarified by asking the opinion of 10 experts, were explained for the credit rating of customers. Three hypotheses were identified in the DEMATEL phase: the first hypothesis: There is a significant positive relationship between financial factors and bank facilities received by companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange. Second hypothesis: There is a significant positive relationship between the company's market information and the bank facilities received by the companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange. Third hypothesis: There is a significant positive relationship between non-financial factors and bank facilities received by companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The findings of the regression analysis did not reject the above hypotheses in 64 companies during the 5 years from 1396 to 1400. Banks should pay attention to the characteristics of companies in the existing conditions when providing facilities

Agency theory is a basic theory that gives a scientific basis to the subject of corporate governance principles. The corporate governance principles are made of extensive organizational mechanisms that are effective in reducing agency problems through managerial actions and reducing the opportunistic behavior of managers to improve the quality of the company's information flow. The purpose of this research was to investigate the role of corporate governance principles on managers' choices, which can have an increasing or decreasing effect on the company's earnings. To achieve the goal of the research, the statistical population included all manufacturing companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange and the statistical sample included 180 companies (1440 companies) from 2014 to 2021. To test the research hypothesis, statistical regression analysis of multivariable logistic panel data was used. The results showed that in companies with strong corporate governance principles, managers tend to use earnings-increasing methods. In companies with weak corporate governance principles, managers tend to use earnings-reducing methods